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}} | conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of East Turkestan | common_name = East Turkestan | continent = Asia | image_map = First ETR in China.svg | image_map_alt = Location map of the First ETR | image_map_caption = A map of Kashgar Prefecture, in which Kashgar, capital of the First ETR, is located. | government_type = Islamic republic | status = Unrecognized state | status_text = Unrecognized state | life_span = 1933–1934 | p1 = Nationalist Government | flag_p1 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg | s1 = Nationalist Government | flag_s1 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg | image_flag = Flag of the First East Turkestan Republic.svg | title_leader = President | leader1 = Khoja Niyaz | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | leader2 = Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki | year_leader2 = 1933–1934 | title_deputy = Emir | deputy1 = Muhammad Amin Bughra | year_deputy1 = 1933–1934 | deputy2 = Abdullah Bughra | year_deputy2 = 1933–1934 | deputy3 = Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra | year_deputy3 = 1933–1934 | era = Interwar period | year_start = 1933 | date_start = 12 November | year_end = 1934 | date_end = 16 April | capital = Kashgar | common_languages = Uyghur (Kashgar and Khotan dialects) | religion = Sunni Islam | currency = Copper (''pul''), silver (''tanga'') and gold (''tilla'') coins minted in Kashgar in 1933. }} The First Eastern Turkestan Republic (ETR), or Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET) ((ウイグル語:شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى) ), was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of Kashgar in what is today the People's Republic of China-administered Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although primarily the product of independence movement of the Uyghur population living there, the ETR was Turkish-ethnic in character, including Kyrgyz, and other Turkic Turkish in its government and its population. With the sacking of Kashgar in 1934 by Hui warlords nominally allied with the Kuomintang government in Nanjing, the first ETR was effectively eliminated. Its example, however, served to some extent as inspiration for the founding of a Second East Turkestan Republic a decade later, and continues to influence modern Uyghur nationalist support for the creation of an independent East Turkestan. Isa Alptekin was the General Secretary of the First East Turkestan Republic. ==Origins of the ETR Movement== The stirrings of Uyghur separatism during the early 20th century were greatly influenced by the Turkish jadidist movement, which spread as wealthier Uyghurs, inspired by notions of Pan-Turkism, traveled abroad to Turkey, Europe, and Russia, and returned home determined to modernize and develop the educational system in Xinjiang. The first major school founded on the European model was located outside of Kashgar and, unlike the traditional curricula of the madrassah, focused on more technical areas of study such as science, mathematics, history, and language studies. Jadidism emphasized the power of education as a tool for personal and national self-advancement, a development sure to disturb the traditional status quo in Xinjiang. The ruler of Xinjiang, Governor Yang Zengxin (楊增新), responded by closing down or interfering with the operations of several of the new schools. The birth of the Soviet Union and the socialist Central Asian Republics also influenced the Uyghurs, increasing the popularity of nationalist separatist movements and the spread of the communist message. Although a local Communist revolutionary organization was established in Xinjiang in 1921, the area also served as a refuge for many intellectuals fleeing the advent of Soviet Communism in Central Asia, which formed a division within the Xinjiang Turkic nationalist movement. The situation in Xinjiang deteriorated with the assassination of Yang Zengxin in 1928 and the rise to power of his deputy, Jin Shuren (金樹仁), who declared himself governor after arresting and executing Yang's assassin, a rival official named Fan Yaonan (樊耀南) who had planned to assume the position for himself. Autocratic, corrupt, and ineffective at managing the province's development, Jin further antagonized the populace by reinstituting Sinicization policies, increasing taxes, prohibiting participation in the hajj and bringing in Han Chinese officials to replace local leaders. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「First East Turkestan Republic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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